Biography of Miriam Benjamin, Inventor of Signal Chair

Miriam Benjamin (September 16, 1861–1947) was a Washington, D.C. school teacher and the second black woman to receive a patent in the United States, given to her in 1888 for an invention she called a Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels. This device might seem to be a bit quaint, but its successor is still used daily—the flight attendant call button on commercial aircraft. Fast Facts: Miriam Benjamin Known For:  Second black woman to receive a patent, she invented the Gong and Signal Chair for HotelsBorn:  September 16, 1861 in Charleston,  South Carolina  Parents: Francis Benjamin and Eliza BenjaminDied:  1947Education: Howard University, Howard University Law SchoolAwards:  Patent number 386,289Notable Quote: From her patent application: The chair would serve to reduce the expenses of hotels by decreasing the number of waiters and attendants, to add to the convenience and comfort of guests and to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud to obtain the services of pages. Early Life Benjamin was born as a free person in Charleston, South Carolina, on September 16, 1861. Her father was Jewish and her mother was black. Her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where her mother  Eliza hoped to give her children access to good schooling. Education and Career Miriam attended high school in Boston. She later moved to Washington, D.C. and was working as a schoolteacher when she received her patent for the Gong and Signal Chair in 1888. She continued her education at Howard University, first attempting medical school. These plans were interrupted when she passed the civil service exam and got a federal job as a clerk. She later graduated from Howard University law school and became a solicitor of patents. In 1920, she moved back to Boston to live with her mother and work for her brother, noted attorney Edgar Pinkerton Benjamin. She never married. Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels Benjamins invention allowed hotel customers to summon a waiter from the comfort of their chair. A button on the chair would buzz the waiters station and a light on the chair would let the wait staff know who wanted service. Her patent notes that this invention would serve to reduce the expenses of hotels by decreasing the number of waiters and attendants, to add to the convenience and comfort of guests and to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud to obtain the services of pages. Anyone who has tried to get the attention of a waiter, especially when they have all seemingly disappeared into the woodwork, might wish this had become a standard in every restaurant. Patent number 386,289 was issued to Miriam Benjamin on July 17, 1888. Her invention received attention from the press. Miriam Benjamin lobbied to have her Gong and Signal Chair adopted by United States House of Representatives, in order to signal pages. The system that was eventually installed there resembled her invention. The Inventive Benjamin Family Miriam was not alone in her inventiveness. The Benjamin family made use of the education their mother Eliza valued so highly. Lude Wilson Benjamin, four years younger than Miriam, received U.S. Patent number 497,747 in 1893 for an improvement on broom moisteners. He proposed a tin reservoir that would attach to a broom and drip water onto the broom to keep it moist so it wouldnt produce dust as it swept. Miriam E. Benjamin was the original assignee for the patent. Edgar P. Benjamin, the youngest in the family, was an attorney and philanthropist who was active in politics. But he also received U.S. Patent number 475,749 in 1892 for a trousers protector, a clip to keep trousers out of the way while bicycling. Death Miriam Benjamin died in 1947. The circumstances of her death are not published. Legacy Benjamin was the second African-American woman to receive a United States patent, after Sarah E. Good, who invented the folding cabinet bed three years prior in 1885. Benjamins invention was the precursor to the flight attendant call button, a key tool for customer service in the airline industry. Sources Brodie, James Michael. Created Equal The Lives and Ideas of Black American Innovators. William Morrow and Co. Inc., 1993Mahoney, Eleanor. â€Å"Miriam E. Benjamin (1861-1947) †¢ BlackPast.†Ã‚  BlackPast, 14 Mar. 2019.Miriam E. Benjamin: African American Inventor. MyBlackHistory.net.

Swot Pest Analyse of Marriot International - 2303 Words

Marriott International Introduction This research focused on SWOT analysis, Porters 5 forces model and PEST analysis of Marriott . Marriot International is a leading company with more than 3,700 lodging properties in 73 countries and territories. [Marriott International] Marriott International manages many hotels brands. Marriott Hotels amp; Resorts are located more than five hundred hotels, two-thirds of them - in the U.S. This is a hotel with a full range of services: they are equipped fitness and business centers, shops and swimming pools. JW, Ritz-Carlton and edition - a brand of luxury hotels. Marriott Executive Apartments provides accommodation businesspeople. Grand Residences manages the resort property. Marriott Vacation†¦show more content†¦Well, it’s better than nothing .There is no another way to protect visitors of the Marriot. From the beginning they had to think about such effects. Perhaps security may be powerless against terrorists. Because they are well prepared for terrorist attacks, and ready to do anything to achieve goals. Issue 2. Timeshare not popular anymore. 70 years of the 20th century it was popular among the clubs holiday. Timeshare was averted the crisis in the American real estate market. [city-of-hotels.ru ]Owners of real estate that hotels, ranch, give on lease rooms to clients for 20 or 30 years. Customers were buying vacation ownership. It was very easy and beneficial for owners. Today in the world there are two major operators timeshare this RCI [RCI] and Interval International [www.intervalworld.com] RCI implements timeshare in hotels at different levels and Interval International operator implements on Luxury hotels. In the market timeshare has not yet stabilized. When in the market there is already strong competitors ,which can find housing from 3 stars to luxury, people will not use the Marriott timeshare services becuse they provide only luxury apartments .Secondly wherefore they are keeping offices and employees engaging in timeshare, in our time, you can simply reserve your accom modation in the hotel for a period that you want. With the reservation the client can

James Town Free Essays

During 1607-1611 of Early Jamestown, Why Were So Many Colonists Dead? King James I sent 110 people over for a new start of life. The Englishmen arrived to Jamestown believing that they would find gold and a new way of freedom with government and religion. Most of the colonist died during the early years of 1607-1611. We will write a custom essay sample on James Town or any similar topic only for you Order Now No skills for the New World later made the colonist have a hostile relationship with the Native Americans and the environment that they weren’t immune for lead to their deaths. Many colonists died because they had no skills to survive in a new place. According to the â€Å"First and Second Jamestown Ship List† in Document C, 47 of the 110 colonist were Gentlemen in May 1607. These Gentlemen came to Jamestown with the belief that they would find wealth. The Gentlemen, including other colonists, didn’t know how to farm or hunt. They traded with the Powhatan Confederacy for food but that got old, and the Indians later put a stop to the trade for the Englishmen to â€Å"Starving Time† in 1609. Also, there was only 1 doctor. Therefore, if someone got sick they would have a way bigger chance of dying than seeing that 1 doctor. The evidences helped explain why so many colonists died because the inexperience of the colonist led to them not being able to support themselves. The Native Americans were antagonistic to the colonists. â€Å"The Virginia Adventures† in document D says, â€Å"Though West was able to load his (small ship) with grain, the success involved some harsh and Crewell dealinge by cutting towe of the Salvages heads and other extremetyes. † Instead of the colonist finding and growing their own food they killed 2 Indians. This was probably one reason why the Indians would attack the colonists. On document E, â€Å"Chronology of English Mortality in Virginia, 1607-1610† there was a first ever Indian attack at Fort James and 2 people died. If the colonists and the Indians had a different start of relationship, there wouldn’t be that many people dead. The Englishmen could’ve learned skills from the tribes. The Englishmen and the Indians would perhaps have a different relationship. The environment had a big effect on the death of many colonists in early Jamestown. In â€Å"The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts† in document B it shows that there was a drought around 1605-1615. There wasn’t enough water to drink, let alone grow crops or livestock. People also died because of diseases including malaria, scurvy, and dysentery. There were also other sicknesses that the Englishmen weren’t immune to. When illness struck the colonists, there was only one doctor and that was the same as not having any. The water was really filthy. Document A states that, â€Å"Because of the adjacent river and creeks became brackish as water levels rose, reliable sources of fresh water would have been scarce by the seventeenth century†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This made the risk of getting a disease higher than not having water at all. The environment was a major death factor even if they learned how to plant or grow livestock. If the colonists were able to support themselves then more would have survived. The death of so many colonists in early Jamestown was mostly cause by the environment and the unfriendly relationship between the early settlers and the Native Americans that was triggered by the colonists not being able to support themselves. How to cite James Town, Essay examples

Project Proposal US Based Organization

Question: Describe about the Project Proposal for US Based Organization. Answer: Introduction Yelp is a well known US based organization that is associated with the development and hosting of the website Yelp.com and a smart phone application of the very same name. Yelp.com primarily hosts reviews of local business organizations, as mad by the customers and providers the users to make online reservations through their Eat24 and Yelp Reservations services (Yelp-support.com, 2016). This report provides a detailed discussion on an academic project aimed at using data mining technologies so as to reveal the relationship between the local business services utilized by the Yelp users and the comments made by them. Aim of the project The primary of the project being described in this report is to utilize the Yelp data set available to us in order to identify the relationship between the reviews and ratings made by the users ad their patron-ship in the local business. Objective of the project To find the relationship between the different local business houses and their loyal customers by comparing the reviews, comments and ratings made by the users. To analyze the Yelp academic data set and identify the demographics of the target customers for each of the local business types that are registered with Yelp.com. Research questions The project work being conducted would be aimed at finding the answers to the following questions: What is the relationship between the different local business houses and their loyal customers by comparing the reviews, comments and ratings made by the users? What are the demographics of the target customers for each of the local business types that are registered with Yelp.com? Literature review Researchers LI and Ngai (2016) have commented that a study conducted by the Harvard Business school has revealed that the stars and ratings posted by customers (on Yelp.com) significant effect on the total revenue of local business. In fact each additional star on Yelp.com has been found to have increased the business revenue by 5 to 9 percent. On the other hand, study conducted by the economists associated with the Berkeley has confirmed that medium to high ratings (3.2 to 4 to be very specific on a scale of 5) increases the chances of medium sized restaurants to be fully booked during the peak tourist seasons, by a whopping 17 percent (Dai et al. 2012). Besides this, the research study also indicated that as many as 84 percent of the local business owners are concerned with the ratings and reviews of this organizations on online forums like that of Yelp.com. Researchers McAuley and Leskovec (2013) have commented that a majority of local business owners today encourage their satisfied customers to post their ratings on online forums, so as to boast off their services on such platforms. In fact, the target customers of business organizations are often identified on the basis of the information available from such online platforms. It is a well known fact that data mining is considered as that particular domain of computer science that helps in the identification of patterns from large sets of data, with the help of several computational techniques including machine learning, artificial intelligence, statistics etc. According to LI and Ngai (2016), data mining methods have been found to be widely effective for the process of data classification and data association. On the other hand, researchers Aggarwal and Zhai (2012)have pointed out the data mining techniques that are generally used for the identification of underlying patterns in large data set to be the following: Anomaly detection: Anomaly detection techniques are utilized for the detection of abnormalities that exits in data sets. Association rule learning methods are utilized for identifying the relationship between the variables present in a data set. Clustering technique is utilized for the grouping of variables, based on the values of the same present in the data set. However, researchers Fan and Bifet (2013) have mentioned that the clustering techniques are considered to be effective only when the data structures of the said variables are unknown to us. Classification is the task of categorizing the new data sets into known group, based on certain characteristics of the same. Regression, on the other hand, is the task of identifying the particular function that can be utilized for modeling data with the minimum error count (Larose, 2014). Methodology It has already been mentioned that data mining is considered as one of the most effective tools that are widely utilized for identifying the relationship that exists between the variables present in a data set. Yelp.com has made their customer review data sets available online so as to facilitate academic project on the same: this particular data set, would thus be analyzed with the help of effective data mining techniques so as to find answers to the research questions presented in section 1 of the report. Researcher Freitas (2013) is of the opinion that the following sets of algorithms can be effectively utilized for classification of information present in large data sets: Decision tree: A decision tree is defined as a decision support tool, which results in the formation of a graph like structure that depicts decisions and their possible consequences. K-means clustering: Researchers Aggarwal and Zhai (2012) define the K-means clustering algorithm as one of the most easy and effective unsupervised learning algorithm. The authors also comment that the algorithm generates best results when the data set contains values distinct from each other. Apriori algorithm: According to Larose (2014), the Apriori algorithm is most suitable for finding association rules and frequent item-set mining. The algorithm operates by identifying the smaller data items present in a data system and associates the same with the larger variables present in the same. In the light of the discussions made in the report, it can thus be said that the decision tree and the K-means clustering algorithms can be effectively utilized to find the relationship between the different local business houses and their loyal customers by comparing the reviews, comments and ratings made by the users. On the other hand, the Apriori algorithm would help in identifying the demographics of the target customers for each of the local business types that are registered with Yelp.com . References Aggarwal, C. C., Zhai, C. (2012).Mining text data. Springer Science Business Media. Dai, W., Jin, G. Z., Lee, J., Luca, M. (2012).Optimal aggregation of consumer ratings: an application to yelp. com(No. w18567). National Bureau of Economic Research. Fan, W., Bifet, A. (2013). Mining big data: current status, and forecast to the future.ACM sIGKDD Explorations Newsletter,14(2), 1-5. Freitas, A. A. (2013).Data mining and knowledge discovery with evolutionary algorithms. Springer Science Business Media. Larose, D. T. (2014).Discovering knowledge in data: an introduction to data mining. John Wiley Sons. LI, J., Ngai, E. W. T. (2016). An Examination of the Joint Impacts of Review Content and Reviewer Characteristics on Review Usefulnessthe Case of Yelp. com. McAuley, J., Leskovec, J. (2013, October). Hidden factors and hidden topics: understanding rating dimensions with review text. InProceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Recommender systems(pp. 165-172). ACM. Yelp-support.com,. (2016). Updating Business Information | Support Center | Yelp. Yelp-support.com. Retrieved 1 October 2016, from https://www.yelpupport.com/Updating_Business_Information?l=en_US

The Scarlet Letter Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Essay Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter identifies a symbol that is meant as a punishment and an outward display of sin, guilt, shame and disgrace. Hester Prynne is publicly exposed and punished for her sin of adultery, evidenced by the newborn baby girl she carries as she is led out of the prison amidst the townspeople who surround her with their unforgiving and intolerant stares. She is forced to sew a scarlet-colored letter on the front of her dress in plain view of anyone who might encounter her. The letter A stood for adultery and was a punishment meant to degrade, humiliate and shame the young woman compelled to wear it. We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, as time goes on, this same symbol becomes to Hester more than something she wears on her person externally. The letter transforms Hester internally and shifts from a symbol of stigma and dishonor to one of strength and character. Hester derives her sense of self-identity from the Scarlet Letter. Hester Prynne is a young woman who married a much older man and was sent to a foreign country without the companionship of her husband. Early adulthood is a time when we begin to form an identity that is unique. We become more independent, separate from our families of origin, and begin to define our own individuality. The story suggests Hester was a strong-willed, impetuous girl. Nathaniel Hawthorne does not tell us many details of Hesters early childhood or how she came to marry Roger Chillingworth. Did his advantage in years give him an upper hand in his relationship with Hester? Did she go directly from a dependent relationship with her mother and father to a marriage of subordination with Roger? Clearly something was lacking in Hesters marriage to Roger. The fact that she chooses to engage in a sexual relationship with another man exposes a weakness in her relationship with Roger. Perhaps this was Hesters first experience with absolute independence. Perhaps her marriage to Roger was arranged by her parents or was entered into as a marriage of convenience or as a means of financial gain or social status. Could the lust for social status and financial security at this time have contributed to Hesters later lust for Reverend Dimmesdale? Perhaps Hester gained a sense of boldness at her first taste of freedom and independence which caused her to tread down a path that perhaps in another place or another time she never would have considered. Hesters emerging sense of identity begins with the imposition placed upon her to fashion her own punishment, the scarlet letter A. She does not sew a piece of cloth that is dreary, colorless, plain or somber. This would have been fitting for a Puritan society concerned with propriety and decency. Instead, Hester produces a creation of beauty on fine, red cloth with elaborate embroidery and gold threading. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a lasting and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore- Hester emerges from her confinement in the prison proud and defiant. Her fabrication of the Scarlet Letter evokes indignation and resentment from the townspeople. She hath good skill at her needle, thats certain, remarked one of the female spectators; but did ever a woman, before this brazen hussy, contrive such a way of showing it! The Scarlet Letter served to separate Hester from the rest of the Puritan society in which she lived and had formerly been a part. Nathaniel Hawthorne states, it had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself. Another aspect of developing ones self-identity involves communicating assertively who one is and what one believes. Hester was making a bold statement of who she was and what she believed in the way she carried herself in front of the townspeople, in the way she created the Scarlet Letter with such striking colors and in the way she stood fearlessly before the crowd on the scaffold. .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 , .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .postImageUrl , .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 , .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:hover , .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:visited , .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:active { border:0!important; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:active , .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3 .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u23a055211c58388ce145cbefb92e28f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Rights Movement vs Black Panthers EssayBecause this punishment separated her from society and the townspeople who were once her friends, Hester is constrained to living a life alone with her daughter Pearl on the outskirts of town. Once an impetuous, passionate young woman, Hester begins to metamorphose into a responsible, contemplative mother. Hester becomes active in serving the needs of the poor and sick in her community. Developing a sense of identity requires opportunities to self reflect about what is important to you and what kind of person you want to be. Hester was afforded this time of self reflection in the years following her sentence. Wearing the symbol of the Scarlet Letter became an integral part of who Hester believed herself to be as a person. Her own daughter Pearl does not acknowledge Hester when she takes the symbol off her dress as she sits and converses with Arthur Dimmesdale in the forest. Pearl demands that Hester put the letter back on and will only interact with her mother once Hester complies. After seven years, the symbol of the Scarlet Letter transforms from one of ill repute to one of respect and regard. Hester has lived a blameless, pure life without contention amongst those who formerly condemned her. Hawthorne states, As is apt to be the case when a person stands out in any prominence before the community, and, at the same time, interferes neither with the public nor individual interests . a species of general regard had ultimately grown up in reference to Hester Prynne. Nathaniel Hawthorne states that the letter was the symbol of her calling. Why did Hester stay in a town that had ostracized her? Why did she not leave and begin her life anew without the stigma of the Scarlet Letter? Hester connected her identity to the letter. Her sin of adultery became, for her, an impetus to change who she was and become more conscious of society and its inequities. The townspeople watched her minister to the sick and less fortunate and began to see her in a different light. The letter, no longer viewed as a badge of shame, became a symbol of courage and power. The townspeople began to refuse to interpret the letter by its original connotation. They said it meant Able; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength. Hester and her daughter Pearl leave the town and move to England. Pearl culminates her childhood in England and eventually marries. Does Hester finish her years in England with new acquaintances that know nothing of her sin in the New England town she came from? The answer is no. Hester returns to the very town that marked her an adulteress and changed her life forever. One would reasonably question such a seemingly unprecedented response. What would cause a woman to create a new life far removed from the one she escaped only to return to that old life years later? But there was more a real life for Hester Prynne, here, in New England, than in that unknown region where Pearl had found a home. Here had been her sin; here, her sorrow; and here was yet to be her penitence. Hesters very sense of self was coupled with the Scarlet Letter and everything that it represented, which, for her, included the adverse consequences as well as the eventual approval she obtained by virtue of her quiet endurance. Upon her return to New England, Hester once again fastened the symbol of her identity, the Scarlet Letter, on her person. The letter A, worn like a banner, announced Hesters heart to everyone that she encountered. Hester reveals who she is and who she wants to be, she confesses her sin and proclaims her triumph, all without speaking a word. The Scarlet Letter Essay Example For Students The Scarlet Letter Essay It is to the credit of human nature, that, except where its selfishness is brought into play, it loves more readily than it hates. Hatred, by a gradual and quiet process, will even be transformed to love, unless the change be impeded by a continually new irritation of the original feeling of hostility.  One of the most important themes in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is his intellectual way of examining human nature. The quotation above demonstrates that Hawthorne considers indispensable goodness regarding human nature. Hawthorne also distinguishes that in real life situations the goodness of human nature is overturned due to a persons ego. This essay will provide one how Hawthorne demonstrates his belief on human nature using examples from his novel. We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As The Scarlet Letter progresses protagonist, Hester Prynne, who develops from a character who is practically exiled from reality to a significant symbol of her community. To begin the novel, Hester Prynne is released from prison on account of being guilty of adultery. She has made a scarlet letter A and wears this on her chest as a sign for her sins and as a way to try to gain forgiveness from god. The way the Puritan society portrays Hester is as one who should be punished severely for her actions, not as a mother with a new born child. Hester, herself feels as if she has to face the consequences and live the rest of her life in shame, she begins to feel that she owes the community in return for her actions and becomes a nurse to many around her. Others begin to respect her for her care and work towards others, but it is still very difficult for to be forgiven completely as she is rejected by everyone public; Although the community will welcome her inside their homes for her services when they are in need. However, with all the negative attention brought upon Hester, she will be able to make an alteration in who she is due to her powerful personality, and with time society views the A now as a good thing rather then something bad which represents the love demonstrated in the quote above. The ego comes into play by the societies actions towards Hester; she is now trapped with selfishness of human nature. Even though she is allowed in peoples homes and appreciated by the families inside, she is greatly avoided and hated on the street. The ego that the community faces is the fear what others think of them and how they might act towards someone who is candidly welcoming to Hester. Hester has to face the selfishness of another character and from that she endured a great deal of struggle. Dimmesdale is the character in the Scarlet Letter who commits the adultery with Hester, however only Hesters crime was made public and Dimmesdales identity was never revealed. Dimmesdale is confronted with emotional dilemmas as well as physical pain due to his psychological state for his wrong doings that he commited. Dimmesdale who is in love Hester, is also quite selfishness, because of his role in the community he did not to admit that he was truly Hesters lover. His selfishness causes Hester to suffer and continue to live remote from society. Nathaniel Hawthore is trying to prove to the reader using Dimmesdales actions that ones selfishness doesnt always protect you, but it actually brings pain. The author also applies this quote to human nature and the Puritan society. He views Puritan society as altering human nature; human nature loves and forgives, Puritan society leaves no room for forgiveness and emphasizes that of selfishness and hatred. In this type of culture there is no place for questioning or challenging what is wrong or right. Hawthorne gives the impression that the Puritan society is that it doesnt fit human nature because of not allowing forgiveness which is stated within the bible.  The quotation used above conveys a particularly optimistic belief on human nature in such a novel which is full of punishment, guilt and justice. Hawthorne appears to be observing that humans as individuals are good and loving instead of hateful and evil. However, when one is left to fight for them self the positive behaviors are generally substituted by hatred and ones ego. The Scarlet Letter Essay Example For Students The Scarlet Letter Essay Comparing and Contrasting the Use of Symbols to Embrace Thematic Ideals of Female Oppression in The Scarlet Letter and Their Eyes Were Watching God English novelist, Virginia Woolf once said The history of mens opposition to womens emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of that emancipation itself. Within Hawthornes The Scarlett Letter and Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Woolfs statement is truly evident. As a whole, both novels have a central focus of the oppression of women in society. Both novels contain the central theme of female oppression manifested throughout the whole novel. Throughout Hurstons, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Hawthornes, The Scarlet Letter, both authors employ the use of symbols to embrace the thematic ideal of female oppression. In the two novels, hair, and the confinement of that hair effectively acts as symbols of female oppression. At the beginning of the novel as Hester descends down the path of judgmental woman, the author makes an observation about the dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam. (Hawthorne 40). We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Not only a sign of oppression but also as a sign of her beauty, Hesters beauty, which her hair is a part of, causes all the women and the towns people to be jealous and highly envious of her. As a result of the strictness of the puritan society, Hester is required to confine her beauty in braids and under a cap. Although the reader knows the beauty that lies with her hair, Hester cannot fully display her beauty in the manner she wishes. The braids placed in her hair, oppress important parts of her persona. In the dark and evil forest, Hester took off the formal cap that confined her hair [ ] dark and rich (Hawthorne 130) and as Hester enjoys this moment, she summons pearl but pearl does not recognize her mother and Hester is forced to gather up the heavy tresses of her hair, and confine them beneath her cap (Hawthorne 135). Hester attempts to escape the oppression put upon her by removing her cap and braids and letting down her hair, but because the oppression she suffers is so great, Hester is forced to gather up her hair and place it back under the cap. This illuminates the great effect of oppression the sin and society have on Hester. Her attempt to escape the oppression is a failed one, and she must continue to face the subjugation of the sin. Similarly, in Their Eyes Were Watching God, the confined hair of the protagonist, Janie, acts as a symbol of female oppression in the novel. Just as Hester confines the beauty that is her hair, Janie must do the same, although some people wonder at her long black hair (Hurston 26), She must keep her hair in one thick braid swinging well below her waist (Hurston 89). In accord with Hester, Janies hair is up in braids at all times, even after the death of her oppressive, abusive husband Jody Starks. Janie must keep her hair up as to hide her beauty because of her husbands own insecurity. She is oppressed as a female by Jody, and is not able to show her full femininity. At Jody Starks death bed, she tore off the kerchief from her head and let down her plentiful hair, only to comb her hair and tie it back up again (Hurston 87). At the time of Jodys death, Janie lets down her hair, as to be free from the oppression she suffered from Jody. Although she has a moment of brief freedom, the oppressed female that she has come to be, shines out again when she carefully ties her hair back in to the rags. THE SCARLET LETTER Essay Example For Students THE SCARLET LETTER Essay Since the dawn of time people have read, studied andenjoyedbooks in which the hero or heroes fall from grace.No matter whothose heroes are- the human race in The Bible,the demon prince Lestatin Anne Rices Vampire Chroniclesor a certain Thane of Cawdor inMacbeth- sin plays a greatpart in all of their downfalls andsubsequent ressurections.And the three main characters inHawthornes The ScarletLetter-Dimmesdale, Chillingsworth, andHester Prynne- are no different. All three characters are flung fromthe normal rolesthat society has laid upon them- minister, housewife,doctor-into new roles- sinner, whore, and vengance crazedsadist.These new roles are not necessarily apparent to all intown.However, even though the townspeople do not know ofthesinners, God does. And in Gods eyes, whose sin was greater?That,I cannot answer. But in this mere mortals opinion, thesin ofChillingsworth far outdid the sin of Dimmesdale orHester Prynne, forChillingsworths sin was one of revengeand one of secrecy. He was notdriven by an anger at his ownsin, but by the sin of others. He useddeception andmanipulation to make the life of another miserable. Hewasnot flung from societys view as if he were a dirty secretlike Hesterwas; he was embraced by it. We will write a custom essay on THE SCARLET LETTER specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, his sin didtake its toll. He wasdisfigured horribly and became atwisted man, scarred by sin. He alsowas robbed of thepleasure of destroying Dimmesdale which was hisreason forliving. He died shortly after Dimmesdale. Hester Prynne,however, was the complete opposite ofChillingworth in that her singave her life, not destroyedit. She took her punishment and embracedit, using it torebuild herself not as a pathetic sinner, but as a pseudo-saint. At first, the town shunned her as a sinner. However,after theysaw that she was good, and her sin was of love,the same townembraced and loved her. Her sin drew her moredeeply into the societyof Boston than she ever was before.And when her time to die came,she did so with honor. HesterPrynne sinner and saint.However,Hesters sin was shared. Whereas she was asinner on the outside and asaint on the inside, ArthurDimmesdale is the reverse, both literallyand figuratively.On the outside, a town minister, inside an adulterer.Of allthe characters, Dimmesdale is the most pitiful. A man sopenitentthat he whips himself, but so afraid that he cannotconfess his sin; asin which takes a great toll on him. Hiscountenance is disfigured inthe shape of what we assume tobe an A on his chest (that or a cowshaped birthmark) and hissoul is eaten by his guilt. Arthur does laterconfess, and aweight is lifted from his being. And with that weightgone hefinally dies in peace.Sin has always been and will always bea part of human life and literature. And as long as there is sin, peoplewillreact to it in different ways; some will hide it, some willembrace it,some will rot from it. But no matter how the sin is handled or dealtwith, it will always leave its mark. Forme, the mark of sin will alwaysbe symbolized as a scarlet A on a black background. 

Biological Agents as Military Weapons essays

Biological Agents as Military Weapons essays This paper discusses the threats posed by and the effect of biological weapons. The focus is on six of the most dangerous biological warfare agents, as perceived by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Ga. These are anthrax (bacillus anthracis), botulinum toxin, hemorrhagic fever viruses, plague (yersinia pestis), smallpox, and tularemia. The epidemology, pathogenesis, and treatment of each of these are the main topic of discussion. Genetic modifications and potential militaristic use of biological agents is also a topic of discussion. The face of warfare has changed dramatically over the last number of centuries and is continually evolving with new technological advancements. From bows and arrows to bombs and missiles, one factor has remained constant the coupling of weapons and biological agents to increase their potency. Some of the more creative endeavors included placing animal carcasses in an enemys water well, or catapulting plagued bodies over city walls in an attempt to infect the opposition (1). The current repertoire of biological agents has greatly expanded during the past century due to development in scientific research, which is reflected in a vast comprehensive knowledge of diseases caused by deadly bacteria and viruses. The series of anthrax attacks in the United States a year ago has had the effect of increased public awareness in North America of the potential threat of biological weapons. This awareness has mainly been provided through media publications, which, on occasion lays aside sci entific fact in order to achieve better headlines. This paper attempts to provide a brief overview of current scientific facts pertaining to the threat of biological warfare. There are three routes that upon contamination would affect a large number of people, through the air, food and water supply. The most effective of these would be through the air most likely via a...

Politics of Ancient Greece Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics of Ancient Greece - Term Paper Example Such situation was highly untypical for the rest of contemporary societies that mostly relied on the tribal principle. The core factor that could be held responsible for the fragmentation of ancient Greece into numerous city-states was the country's geography, namely numerous mountains, hills and rivers that served as natural barriers between the regions. Despite self-identification as 'one people' the poleis fiercely defended their independent status and almost never considered the option of unification. Therefore, the political system of Ancient Greece had at least two specific characteristics that distinguished it from the rest of contemporary political systems: Furthermore, even small city-states that could not compete with their larger neighbors were rarely conquered or ruled directly another polis. Instead the common practice in Ancient Greece was grouping of poleis into confederations or leagues, members of which constantly changed. In the Classical Period (5th and 4th centuries BC), these leagues became larger and fewer with one powerful polis being the dominant member. Athens, Sparta and Thebes were the three poleis that played the key roles in respective leagues. Prior to the birth of democracy in Athens, the poleis we... Rapid development of trade followed by the emergence of a middle class by the 6th century BC led to transformation of the traditional aristocratic rule. In some poleis such as Corinth the middle class revolted, overthrew the rule of aristocracy and replaced it with the dictators (tyrants). However, the rule of the tyrants was highly unstable because the aristocracy desperately wanted to regain control and used any methods in doing so (Rhodes, 2006, p.256-257). In other poleis, the process of transformation was more peaceful because the ruling class reasonably admitted the power of middle classes and included their representatives into the ruling council. This type of government successfully existed in Sparta and became known as oligarchy, or 'rule by the few'. Athens also fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century, but already in the 5th century BC the polis managed to establish the first democratic system or 'rule by the people'. Athens was described as having the most innovative and sophisticated democracy among all political structures that existed at that time and had democratic features (Dahl, 1989). Political ideals and aims of the classical Athenian democracy were expressed by the outstanding Greek philosopher Aristotle in The Politics dated between 335 and 323 BC. Aristotle identified liberty as one of the founding principles of the classical democratic constitution. The philosopher argues that liberty has two major aspects, namely: 1) ruling and being ruled in turn; 2) living as one chooses (Aristotle, 1984) The ideals of Athenian democracy - equality among citizens, liberty, and respect for the law and justice - have had great influence in the Western political thought, "although there are some central ideas, for