Biography of Miriam Benjamin, Inventor of Signal Chair

Miriam Benjamin (September 16, 1861–1947) was a Washington, D.C. school teacher and the second black woman to receive a patent in the United States, given to her in 1888 for an invention she called a Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels. This device might seem to be a bit quaint, but its successor is still used daily—the flight attendant call button on commercial aircraft. Fast Facts: Miriam Benjamin Known For:  Second black woman to receive a patent, she invented the Gong and Signal Chair for HotelsBorn:  September 16, 1861 in Charleston,  South Carolina  Parents: Francis Benjamin and Eliza BenjaminDied:  1947Education: Howard University, Howard University Law SchoolAwards:  Patent number 386,289Notable Quote: From her patent application: The chair would serve to reduce the expenses of hotels by decreasing the number of waiters and attendants, to add to the convenience and comfort of guests and to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud to obtain the services of pages. Early Life Benjamin was born as a free person in Charleston, South Carolina, on September 16, 1861. Her father was Jewish and her mother was black. Her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where her mother  Eliza hoped to give her children access to good schooling. Education and Career Miriam attended high school in Boston. She later moved to Washington, D.C. and was working as a schoolteacher when she received her patent for the Gong and Signal Chair in 1888. She continued her education at Howard University, first attempting medical school. These plans were interrupted when she passed the civil service exam and got a federal job as a clerk. She later graduated from Howard University law school and became a solicitor of patents. In 1920, she moved back to Boston to live with her mother and work for her brother, noted attorney Edgar Pinkerton Benjamin. She never married. Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels Benjamins invention allowed hotel customers to summon a waiter from the comfort of their chair. A button on the chair would buzz the waiters station and a light on the chair would let the wait staff know who wanted service. Her patent notes that this invention would serve to reduce the expenses of hotels by decreasing the number of waiters and attendants, to add to the convenience and comfort of guests and to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud to obtain the services of pages. Anyone who has tried to get the attention of a waiter, especially when they have all seemingly disappeared into the woodwork, might wish this had become a standard in every restaurant. Patent number 386,289 was issued to Miriam Benjamin on July 17, 1888. Her invention received attention from the press. Miriam Benjamin lobbied to have her Gong and Signal Chair adopted by United States House of Representatives, in order to signal pages. The system that was eventually installed there resembled her invention. The Inventive Benjamin Family Miriam was not alone in her inventiveness. The Benjamin family made use of the education their mother Eliza valued so highly. Lude Wilson Benjamin, four years younger than Miriam, received U.S. Patent number 497,747 in 1893 for an improvement on broom moisteners. He proposed a tin reservoir that would attach to a broom and drip water onto the broom to keep it moist so it wouldnt produce dust as it swept. Miriam E. Benjamin was the original assignee for the patent. Edgar P. Benjamin, the youngest in the family, was an attorney and philanthropist who was active in politics. But he also received U.S. Patent number 475,749 in 1892 for a trousers protector, a clip to keep trousers out of the way while bicycling. Death Miriam Benjamin died in 1947. The circumstances of her death are not published. Legacy Benjamin was the second African-American woman to receive a United States patent, after Sarah E. Good, who invented the folding cabinet bed three years prior in 1885. Benjamins invention was the precursor to the flight attendant call button, a key tool for customer service in the airline industry. Sources Brodie, James Michael. Created Equal The Lives and Ideas of Black American Innovators. William Morrow and Co. Inc., 1993Mahoney, Eleanor. â€Å"Miriam E. Benjamin (1861-1947) †¢ BlackPast.†Ã‚  BlackPast, 14 Mar. 2019.Miriam E. Benjamin: African American Inventor. MyBlackHistory.net.

Swot Pest Analyse of Marriot International - 2303 Words

Marriott International Introduction This research focused on SWOT analysis, Porters 5 forces model and PEST analysis of Marriott . Marriot International is a leading company with more than 3,700 lodging properties in 73 countries and territories. [Marriott International] Marriott International manages many hotels brands. Marriott Hotels amp; Resorts are located more than five hundred hotels, two-thirds of them - in the U.S. This is a hotel with a full range of services: they are equipped fitness and business centers, shops and swimming pools. JW, Ritz-Carlton and edition - a brand of luxury hotels. Marriott Executive Apartments provides accommodation businesspeople. Grand Residences manages the resort property. Marriott Vacation†¦show more content†¦Well, it’s better than nothing .There is no another way to protect visitors of the Marriot. From the beginning they had to think about such effects. Perhaps security may be powerless against terrorists. Because they are well prepared for terrorist attacks, and ready to do anything to achieve goals. Issue 2. Timeshare not popular anymore. 70 years of the 20th century it was popular among the clubs holiday. Timeshare was averted the crisis in the American real estate market. [city-of-hotels.ru ]Owners of real estate that hotels, ranch, give on lease rooms to clients for 20 or 30 years. Customers were buying vacation ownership. It was very easy and beneficial for owners. Today in the world there are two major operators timeshare this RCI [RCI] and Interval International [www.intervalworld.com] RCI implements timeshare in hotels at different levels and Interval International operator implements on Luxury hotels. In the market timeshare has not yet stabilized. When in the market there is already strong competitors ,which can find housing from 3 stars to luxury, people will not use the Marriott timeshare services becuse they provide only luxury apartments .Secondly wherefore they are keeping offices and employees engaging in timeshare, in our time, you can simply reserve your accom modation in the hotel for a period that you want. With the reservation the client can

James Town Free Essays

During 1607-1611 of Early Jamestown, Why Were So Many Colonists Dead? King James I sent 110 people over for a new start of life. The Englishmen arrived to Jamestown believing that they would find gold and a new way of freedom with government and religion. Most of the colonist died during the early years of 1607-1611. We will write a custom essay sample on James Town or any similar topic only for you Order Now No skills for the New World later made the colonist have a hostile relationship with the Native Americans and the environment that they weren’t immune for lead to their deaths. Many colonists died because they had no skills to survive in a new place. According to the â€Å"First and Second Jamestown Ship List† in Document C, 47 of the 110 colonist were Gentlemen in May 1607. These Gentlemen came to Jamestown with the belief that they would find wealth. The Gentlemen, including other colonists, didn’t know how to farm or hunt. They traded with the Powhatan Confederacy for food but that got old, and the Indians later put a stop to the trade for the Englishmen to â€Å"Starving Time† in 1609. Also, there was only 1 doctor. Therefore, if someone got sick they would have a way bigger chance of dying than seeing that 1 doctor. The evidences helped explain why so many colonists died because the inexperience of the colonist led to them not being able to support themselves. The Native Americans were antagonistic to the colonists. â€Å"The Virginia Adventures† in document D says, â€Å"Though West was able to load his (small ship) with grain, the success involved some harsh and Crewell dealinge by cutting towe of the Salvages heads and other extremetyes. † Instead of the colonist finding and growing their own food they killed 2 Indians. This was probably one reason why the Indians would attack the colonists. On document E, â€Å"Chronology of English Mortality in Virginia, 1607-1610† there was a first ever Indian attack at Fort James and 2 people died. If the colonists and the Indians had a different start of relationship, there wouldn’t be that many people dead. The Englishmen could’ve learned skills from the tribes. The Englishmen and the Indians would perhaps have a different relationship. The environment had a big effect on the death of many colonists in early Jamestown. In â€Å"The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts† in document B it shows that there was a drought around 1605-1615. There wasn’t enough water to drink, let alone grow crops or livestock. People also died because of diseases including malaria, scurvy, and dysentery. There were also other sicknesses that the Englishmen weren’t immune to. When illness struck the colonists, there was only one doctor and that was the same as not having any. The water was really filthy. Document A states that, â€Å"Because of the adjacent river and creeks became brackish as water levels rose, reliable sources of fresh water would have been scarce by the seventeenth century†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This made the risk of getting a disease higher than not having water at all. The environment was a major death factor even if they learned how to plant or grow livestock. If the colonists were able to support themselves then more would have survived. The death of so many colonists in early Jamestown was mostly cause by the environment and the unfriendly relationship between the early settlers and the Native Americans that was triggered by the colonists not being able to support themselves. How to cite James Town, Essay examples

Project Proposal US Based Organization

Question: Describe about the Project Proposal for US Based Organization. Answer: Introduction Yelp is a well known US based organization that is associated with the development and hosting of the website Yelp.com and a smart phone application of the very same name. Yelp.com primarily hosts reviews of local business organizations, as mad by the customers and providers the users to make online reservations through their Eat24 and Yelp Reservations services (Yelp-support.com, 2016). This report provides a detailed discussion on an academic project aimed at using data mining technologies so as to reveal the relationship between the local business services utilized by the Yelp users and the comments made by them. Aim of the project The primary of the project being described in this report is to utilize the Yelp data set available to us in order to identify the relationship between the reviews and ratings made by the users ad their patron-ship in the local business. Objective of the project To find the relationship between the different local business houses and their loyal customers by comparing the reviews, comments and ratings made by the users. To analyze the Yelp academic data set and identify the demographics of the target customers for each of the local business types that are registered with Yelp.com. Research questions The project work being conducted would be aimed at finding the answers to the following questions: What is the relationship between the different local business houses and their loyal customers by comparing the reviews, comments and ratings made by the users? What are the demographics of the target customers for each of the local business types that are registered with Yelp.com? Literature review Researchers LI and Ngai (2016) have commented that a study conducted by the Harvard Business school has revealed that the stars and ratings posted by customers (on Yelp.com) significant effect on the total revenue of local business. In fact each additional star on Yelp.com has been found to have increased the business revenue by 5 to 9 percent. On the other hand, study conducted by the economists associated with the Berkeley has confirmed that medium to high ratings (3.2 to 4 to be very specific on a scale of 5) increases the chances of medium sized restaurants to be fully booked during the peak tourist seasons, by a whopping 17 percent (Dai et al. 2012). Besides this, the research study also indicated that as many as 84 percent of the local business owners are concerned with the ratings and reviews of this organizations on online forums like that of Yelp.com. Researchers McAuley and Leskovec (2013) have commented that a majority of local business owners today encourage their satisfied customers to post their ratings on online forums, so as to boast off their services on such platforms. In fact, the target customers of business organizations are often identified on the basis of the information available from such online platforms. It is a well known fact that data mining is considered as that particular domain of computer science that helps in the identification of patterns from large sets of data, with the help of several computational techniques including machine learning, artificial intelligence, statistics etc. According to LI and Ngai (2016), data mining methods have been found to be widely effective for the process of data classification and data association. On the other hand, researchers Aggarwal and Zhai (2012)have pointed out the data mining techniques that are generally used for the identification of underlying patterns in large data set to be the following: Anomaly detection: Anomaly detection techniques are utilized for the detection of abnormalities that exits in data sets. Association rule learning methods are utilized for identifying the relationship between the variables present in a data set. Clustering technique is utilized for the grouping of variables, based on the values of the same present in the data set. However, researchers Fan and Bifet (2013) have mentioned that the clustering techniques are considered to be effective only when the data structures of the said variables are unknown to us. Classification is the task of categorizing the new data sets into known group, based on certain characteristics of the same. Regression, on the other hand, is the task of identifying the particular function that can be utilized for modeling data with the minimum error count (Larose, 2014). Methodology It has already been mentioned that data mining is considered as one of the most effective tools that are widely utilized for identifying the relationship that exists between the variables present in a data set. Yelp.com has made their customer review data sets available online so as to facilitate academic project on the same: this particular data set, would thus be analyzed with the help of effective data mining techniques so as to find answers to the research questions presented in section 1 of the report. Researcher Freitas (2013) is of the opinion that the following sets of algorithms can be effectively utilized for classification of information present in large data sets: Decision tree: A decision tree is defined as a decision support tool, which results in the formation of a graph like structure that depicts decisions and their possible consequences. K-means clustering: Researchers Aggarwal and Zhai (2012) define the K-means clustering algorithm as one of the most easy and effective unsupervised learning algorithm. The authors also comment that the algorithm generates best results when the data set contains values distinct from each other. Apriori algorithm: According to Larose (2014), the Apriori algorithm is most suitable for finding association rules and frequent item-set mining. The algorithm operates by identifying the smaller data items present in a data system and associates the same with the larger variables present in the same. In the light of the discussions made in the report, it can thus be said that the decision tree and the K-means clustering algorithms can be effectively utilized to find the relationship between the different local business houses and their loyal customers by comparing the reviews, comments and ratings made by the users. On the other hand, the Apriori algorithm would help in identifying the demographics of the target customers for each of the local business types that are registered with Yelp.com . References Aggarwal, C. C., Zhai, C. (2012).Mining text data. Springer Science Business Media. Dai, W., Jin, G. Z., Lee, J., Luca, M. (2012).Optimal aggregation of consumer ratings: an application to yelp. com(No. w18567). National Bureau of Economic Research. Fan, W., Bifet, A. (2013). Mining big data: current status, and forecast to the future.ACM sIGKDD Explorations Newsletter,14(2), 1-5. Freitas, A. A. (2013).Data mining and knowledge discovery with evolutionary algorithms. Springer Science Business Media. Larose, D. T. (2014).Discovering knowledge in data: an introduction to data mining. John Wiley Sons. LI, J., Ngai, E. W. T. (2016). An Examination of the Joint Impacts of Review Content and Reviewer Characteristics on Review Usefulnessthe Case of Yelp. com. McAuley, J., Leskovec, J. (2013, October). Hidden factors and hidden topics: understanding rating dimensions with review text. InProceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Recommender systems(pp. 165-172). ACM. Yelp-support.com,. (2016). Updating Business Information | Support Center | Yelp. Yelp-support.com. Retrieved 1 October 2016, from https://www.yelpupport.com/Updating_Business_Information?l=en_US